The Debt And Equity Securities - 1064 Words

Prior to 2016, both debt and equity securities could be classified as available for sale and their gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income; however, with the passing of Accounting Standard Update No, 2016-01, all equity securities must now be classified as trading and their unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings. The forthcoming evidence indicates that the financial statements better reflect the true risks taken by the company when the unrealized gains and losses on equity securities to appear in earnings rather than other comprehensive income. FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115 in May of 1993, which supersedes FASB Statement No. 12, Accounting for Certain Marketable Securities. The statement requires securities, with readily determinable fair values, be placed into one of three classifications: trading, available for sale, and held to maturity. Each of the three classifications has their own distinct reporting standards. Under this statement, equity securities can be classified as trading or available for sale, but debt securities can be classified as available for sale or held to maturity. Unrecognized gains and losses for available for sale securities are presented in other comprehensive income until they are recognized, at which time they are reclassified to the income statement. For the past ten years, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) haveShow MoreRelatedThe Debt And Equity Securities952 Words   |  4 PagesPrior to 2016, both debt and equity securities could be classified as available for sale and their gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income; however, with the passing of Accounting Standard Update No, 2016-01, all equity securities must now be classified as trading and their unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings. After examining the history of available for sale reporting standard and running pro form a scenarios of Yahoo! Inc.’s financial statements, the forthcoming evidenceRead MoreThe Debt And Equity Securities882 Words   |  4 Pages Prior to 2016, both debt and equity securities could be classified as available for sale and their gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income. However, with the passing of Accounting Standard Update No, 2016-01, all equity securities must now be classified as trading and their unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings. After examining the history of available for sale reporting standard and running pro forma scenarios of Yahoo! Inc.’s financial statements, I have determinedRead MoreThe Fasb Codification Topic 320 : Investments Debt And Equity Securities1487 Words   |  6 Pages Overall. 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Economical Analysis of Asset Prices Free Essays

Economic Analysis of Asset Prices Introduction The most recent economic crisis, from which the global economy is still reeling, started in 2007, approximately one year after the ‘sub-prime’ housing market in America buckled under its own weight, putting pressure on the financial markets across the world. This economic crisis, argued to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression in the 1930s (Brunnermeier, 2009), led to a dramatic reduction in the volume of bank lending along with non-price rationing of credit, which is known as a ‘credit crunch’ (Brunnermeier, 2009; Shaffer and Hoover, 2007). The financial crisis was felt all through the economy in many countries and led to the failure of many businesses including major banks and financial houses, a reduction in consumer wealth, considerable financial commitments incurred by governments, and an overall significant reduction in economic activity for approximately two years (Nataste et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Economical Analysis of Asset Prices or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2009). This paper assesses how and to what extent events of the financial crisis beginning in 2007 reflect asset-pricing inefficiencies in stock markets and housing markets. The discussion begins with an overview of the events that led up to the financial crisis. The second substantive section explicitly discusses the criteria used in assessments of ‘efficiency,’ while the third substantive section assesses how these criteria can be applied in the context of the crisis. The paper concludes with a discussion of some insights from behavioural economics. Background: The Financial Crisis of 2007 In 2007, approximately one year after the ‘sub-prime’ housing market in America crumbled, the most recent global economic crisis began, straining the global financial markets (Nataste et al., 2009). There are three main, interrelated factors that led to the crisis: a preceding period of exceptional macro-stability, the global savings surplus, and innovation within the financial markets (Dimsdale, 2009, Mizen, 2008, Pomfret, 2010). First, one of the precursors of the economic crisis was a period over which there was extraordinary stability in the American and European economies. Second, there was a global savings surplus from emerging economies, which supported extremely low long-term interest rates in these countries, which allowed those in the money market to have access to cheap money. These credit booms led to excessive debt burdens (Claessens, 2009). Third, there were several innovative financial products being introduced on the market, such as mortgage-backed securi ties, but financial innovation also led to more complexity, higher leverage, and weaker underlying assets (as they were dependent on ‘sub-prime’ mortgages, which is explained in more detail below). This point is supported by Pomfret (2010) and others, who argues that the financial system has become more vulnerable to crisis because of innovation and development in the financial sector combined with easy monetary policy stemming from the stable macroeconomy and very low interest rates at the beginning of the millennium. Sub-prime mortgages were offered based on ‘self-certification of income,’ and therefore allowed a lot of people who previously lacked the financial capacity to purchase property under the existing system (which was based on applicants’ income), were able to access these mortgages (Chatterjee and Lefcovitch, 2009). And even at higher interest rates it was an attractive offer at the beginning of the millennium because the macroeconomy was stable, interest rates were very low, and the housing market in the USA was buoyant (Crouhy et al., 2008). Houses prices in America and in other markets, such as the UK and Iceland, rose sharply in the period preceding the crisis, generally fuelled by quickly increasing levels of available credit, which resulted in sharply increased household debt (Brunnermeier, 2009; Claessens, 2009). Given the extended period of macroeconomic stability, a fall in house price across the entire US was not anticipated, indeed such an occurrence had not been accounted for in the models used to assess the risk of the sub-prime mortgages and the other sources of credit that were readily available during this period (Mizen, 2008). When house prices did fall, the number of borrowers defaulting on their payments increased greatly in the sub-prime mortgage sector, and this was the eventual trigger for the economic crisis (Brunnermeier, 2009; Mizen, 2008). So one of the key features of the most recent crisis was the increases in asset price (particularly the price of houses) that turned out to be unsustainable, which caused a housing bubble (Claessens, 2009). When the housing bubble burst, banks and other financial houses had to write down many hundred billion of dollars in bad loans that had been caused by the fact that many mortgage holders were unable to pay their loans and so became del inquent (Brunnermeier, 2009). Additionally, the stock market capitalisation of the major banks was reduced by more than twice as much as the amounts that had to be written down (Brunnermeier, 2009). Asset Pricing and the Efficient Market Hypothesis How are assets, like houses, pricedAccording to Brunnermeier (2001), asset prices are determined by information that is public available and generally dispersed among a lot of market participants who try to deduce the information that other participants have by analysing price processes. Additionally, asset prices are determined by market participants’ expectations about the future profits on the assets. Whenever new information becomes available, market participants may have to re-evaluate these expectations about the future asset prices. It can therefore be expected that the information available in the market is important such that asymmetric information, for example, would affect asset prices and traders’ information inference. The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is the idea that market, such as the stock market or the housing market, is informationally efficient, meaning that all information about a security or asset is known by the participants in market, and consequently by all potential investors (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2008). More specifically, informational efficiency refers to how much information is revealed by the price process and prices are deemed to be informationally efficient if they fully and correctly contain all the available information (Brunnermeier, 2001). There are three types of informational efficiency, strong, semi-strong, and weak, and this depends on the amount and type of information reflected in the asset price (Brunnermeier, 2001). According to Ehrhardt and Brigham (2008), EHM holds that (1) stocks are in equilibrium at all times and (2) it is not possible for an investor to constantly get better than average returns on the market than the risk of her investor warrants. EHM essentially suggests that, beyond the normative utility maximising market participants, market participants have rational expectations and on average the market prices are correct, even though any one or all market participants may be incorrect. That is, even if individuals are wrong, the people as a community will be engaged in forecasting the stock prices, which will be done by using all the available information. As soon as some new information is available in the market these people will change their estimates immediately. As a result of this conduct, the prices in the stock market totally reflect the existing information as well as reflect the precise inherent value (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2008). EMH depends on the fact that stock prices follow a ‘random walk,’ meaning that price changes are not dependent on each other (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2008). This suggests that all information is equally known and considered by the market as individuals, and as such there is little or no chance for arbitrage in the market. It is not considered to hold in all cases, but in enough to promote the capital market line, a correlation between the market and the equities and securities and assets that make it up (Granger, 1992). In an efficient market, competition ensures that (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2008): New information is quickly and fully assimilated into prices; All available information is reflected in the stock price; Prices reflect the known and expected, and respond only to new information; and Price changes occur in a random manner. There are three forms of the theory, weak, semi-strong, and strong (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2008; Granger, 1992). Weak form efficiency posits that current market prices reflect all information from history. This suggests that prices in the market reflect all the information that has been made available in the past. As a result it would not be possible to get surplus returns by use of methodological analysis but could be done through fundamental studies of the market. Hence, the fluctuations in the price of the stock should be unpredictable and unsystematic (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2008). Semi-strong form efficiency is based on the notion that market prices reflect all publicly available information, and this means that availability of any new public information makes the markets react spontaneously in a particular fashion. Thus, agents react quickly to such information making the discovery of possible missed stock prices through deep analysis useless (Granger, 1992). Finally, strong form efficiency is based on the notion that market prices reflect all information, both public and private (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2008). In the case of strong-form efficiency hypothesis, it is assumed that not only the public information but also private information has a bearing on the stock prices, this might include information which is available only to a handful of individuals and they would use this information to make enormous profits (Granger, 1992). Even so, such huge returns are not achievable because stock prices tend to immediately adjust by accounting for the most sensitive information. As a result, it would be of no benefit to engage in insider trading as the trader would be in the same position as to that of the person trading without this information (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2008). The benefit of the EHM over ad hoc formulations of expectations is that it gives market participants a simple, general and credible manner of dealing with expectations (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2008). However, the soundness of the hypothesis has been questioned by many, some of whom accuse the notion that markets are rational for much of the recent financial crisis. The next section assesses how and to what extent events of the financial crisis beginning in 2007 reflect asset-pricing inefficiencies in stock markets and housing markets, specifically assessing how these criteria can be applied in the context of the most recent financial crisis. How and to What Extent Events of the Financial Crisis Beginning in 2007 Reflect Asset-Pricing Inefficiencies in Stock Markets and Housing Markets? This section discusses the extent of asset-pricing inefficiencies in the stock markets and housing markets based on the four criteria outlined above. First, was new information quickly and fully assimilated into pricesSecond, was all available information reflected in the stock priceThird, did prices reflect the known and expected, and respond only to new informationAnd finally, did market prices changes occur in a random manner? In examining the questions, the role of complexity has to be acknowledged. In neoclassical economics model, agents (investors) make the best (optimal) choices regardless of the difficultly of the problem with which they are dealing (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2008). However, examining the recent economic crisis, one of the key lesson is not that mortgage takers in the sub-prime sector of the housing market did not understand the complicated terms of the mortgages they had been offered, rather the key lesson is that the lenders (the firms that bought these securitised mortgages) did not seem to fully understand the risks that were intrinsic in these assets (Brunnermeier, 2009; Thaler, 2008). As previously noted, innovative financial products introduced into the market, such as mortgage-backed securities, also introduced greater complexity (Mizen, 2008). Acharya et al. (2009, p. 4) outline innovations in financial products that made it unlikely that stock prices and housing prices (1) refle cted all available information or (2) assimilated new information quickly and fully. These are: (1) New exotic and illiquid ?nancial instruments that were hard to value and price; (2) Increasingly complex derivative instruments; (3) The fact that many of these instruments traded over the counter rather than on an exchange; (4) The revelation that there was little information and disclosure about such instruments and who was holding them; and (5) The fact that many new ?nancial institutions were opaque with little or no regulation. Additionally, even when the crisis had been exposed, the magnitude of the bank’s and other financial institutions’ exposure remained unclear, as well as full information on who was at risk through counterparty failure (Acharya et al., 2009). This supports the idea that the lenders did not fully understand the intrinsic risks that in the securitised assets they held as argued by Thaler (2008). According to Acharya et al. (2009, p. 5): Private ?nancial markets cannot function properly unless there is enough information, reporting, and disclosure both to market participants and to relevant regulators and supervisors. When investors cannot appropriately price complex new securities, they cannot properly assess the overall losses faced by ?nancial institutions, and when they cannot know who is holding the risk for so-called toxic waste, this turns into generalised uncertainty. Based on this it can be argued that new information was not quickly and fully assimilated into prices nor was all available information reflected in the stock price during the 2007 crisis. This leaves two questions to be discussed: did prices reflect the known and expected, and respond only to new information and did market prices changes occur in an unpredictable wayThe evidence seems to suggest that neither of these happened. Discussion and Conclusion The EHM has been disputed based on both empirical and theoretical bases, particularly by behavioural economists who ascribe the imperfections in financial markets (such as asset price inefficiencies discussed above) to a range of cognitive biases that include overconfidence (or ‘irrational exhuberance’), overreaction, representative bias, information bias, as well as a range of other unsurprising human errors in reasoning and information processing (Addleson, 1995). For example, DeBondt and Thaler (1985) argue that investors are likely to be affected and involved with the optimism as well as the pessimism of shown by the overall market. This leads to systematic deviation in the prices from the usual fundamental values. This overreaction owing to the past events falls on the same lines as the theory outlined by Kahneman and Tversky (1979), in which investors tend to be overconfident and overoptimistic about the forecasting of their future corporate earnings and stock pric es. The findings support the ‘contrarian strategy’ in which an investors would buy stocks, or at times a group of stocks which have not been performing for long periods of time, while avoiding the ones that have had a good long run over the last few years (DeBondt and Thaler, 1985). Speculative economic bubbles such as the housing market bubble discussed here, tend to be clear anomalies in the market, that is, the market often seems to be driven by buyers operating on irrational exuberance, who then disregard the underlying value of the asset being traded (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 2008). This seems to be the case in the housing bubble. As outlined above, the boom in credit available to households was connected with the creation of marginal assets whose practicability was dependent on favourable macroeconomic conditions continuing for a long period. In America, to some extent the UK (such as with Northern Rock), a great percentage of the mortgage expansion consisted of loans extended to subprime borrowers with little or no credit and employment histories, as outlined above (Claessens, 2009). Debt servicing and repayment were, thus, susceptible to economic downturns and variances in credit and monetary conditions. (Claessens, 2009, p. 3) therefore argues that â€Å" [t]his maximised default correlation across loans, generating portfolios highly exposed to declines in house prices – confirmed ex-post through the large non-performing loans when house prices declined.† Other explanation of motives could also be presented here. For example, Brunnermeier (2009, p. 82) noted that there was a decline in the quality of credit leading up to the crisis as â€Å"[m]ortgage brokers offered teaser rates, no-documentation mortgages, piggyback mortgages (a combination of two mortgages that eliminates the need for a down payment), and NINJA (‘no income, no job or assets) loans.† While this can be blamed on other motives, such as predatory lending, this also occurred because of irrational exhuberance as outlined by Brunnermeier (2009, p. 82): â€Å"All these mortgages were granted under the premise that background checks are unnecessary because house prices could only rise, and a borrower could thus always refinance a loan using the increased value of the house.† These bubbles are typically followed by an overreaction of frantic selling because, the fall in the value of the asset backed by high leverage eventually leads to the forced ?re sale of the asset (Acharya et al., 2009; Brunnermeier, 2009). This was seen in the most recent financial crisis. For example, Bear Stearns’ the funds had lost over 90 percent of their value before the firm almost went bankrupt (Acharya et al., 2009). Similarly, the run on the assets of three structured investment vehicles (SIVs) of BNP Paribas was so severe that BNP Paribas had to suspend redemptions (Acharya et al., 2009). Overall, the discussion contained in this paper indicates that asset-pricing inefficiencies in stock markets and housing markets had a big impact on the events of the financial crisis beginning in 2007. References Acharya, V., Philippon, T., Richardson, M., and Roubini, N. (2009). Prologue: A bird’s-eye view – The financial crisis of 2007-2009: Causes and remedies. In Acharya, V. and Richardson, M. (eds.), Restoring Financial Stability: How to Repair a Failed System (p. 1-56). Wiley. Addleson, M. (1995). Equilibrium versus Understanding: Towards the Restoration of Economics as a Social Science. New York, NY: Routledge. Brunnermeier, M. (2001). Asset Pricing under Asymmetric Information: Bubbles, Crashes, Technical Analysis, and Herding. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brunnermeier, M. (2009). Deciphering the liquidity and credit crunch 2007-2008. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23 (1): 77-100. Claessens, S. (2009). The road ahead to a sustainable global economic system. Presented at the Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics (ABCDE) Seoul, Korea, June 22-24. Available online at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTABCDESK2009/Resources/Stijn-Claessens.pdf [accessed 20 January 2011]. Crouhy, M., Jarrow, R., and Turnbull, S. (2008). The sub-prime credit crisis of 2007. The Journal of Derivatives, 16 (1): 81-110 De Bondt, W. and Thaler, R. (1985). Does the stock market overreactThe Journal of Finance, 40 (3): 793-805. Ehrhardt, M. and Brigham, E. (2008). Corporate Finance: A Focused Approach.Mason,OH: South-Western Cenage Learning. Granger, C. (1992). Forecasting stock market prices: Lessons for forecasters. International Journal of Forecasting, 8 (1): 3-13. Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47 (2): 263-292. Mizen, P. (2008). The Credit Crunch of 2007-2008: A discussion of the background, market reactions, and policy responses. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, September/October: 531-568. Nastase, M., Cretu, A., and Stanef, R. (2009). Effects of global economic crisis. Review of International Comparative Management, 10 (4): 691-699. Shaffer, S. and Hoover, S. (2007). Endogenous screening, credit crunches, and competition in laxity. Review of Financial Economics, 17 (4): 296-314. Thaler, R. (2008). 3Q2008. Fuller Thaler Asset Management. Available online at http://www.fullerthaler.com/reviews/newsltr2008Q3.pdf [accessed 20 January 2011]. How to cite Economical Analysis of Asset Prices, Essay examples

Business Statistics Free-Sample for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Provide two possible reasons for why the Queensland government decided to let the mining company monitor itself. Use case material to illustrate your arguments. 2.Provide three possible ways for the Queensland government to strengthen their decision making. Use case material to Illustrate your arguments.3.Provide three Issue related factors in ethical decision making to explain the residents unwillingness to act against the mine company. Use case material to illustrate your arguments. 4.Give two Examples of how Xstrata can promote Ethical Decision Making in the mine as a Workplace. Use case Material to Illustrate your arguments. 5.What type of Qualitative research would you undertake? Use case Material to Illustrate your arguments. 6.What would be the Disadvantages of the Chosen Method? Use case Material to Illustrate your arguments. Answers: 1.The reasons behind the government not having a fundamental commitment to the issue of the company polluting the environment are because the enterprise is a greater contributor offering many local people of Mount Isa jobs. The company also has put into place systems to reduce pollution by removing pollutants in the Mount Isa River and projects intended to reduce pollution. The manager of the company argues it has the most extensive system in Australia. However, the government has the duty to regulate the business instead of letting it manage its emission as it may be biased (Crane, Matten, Spence, 2008). 2.Carry out intensive research on the complaints that the locals bring about the lead emissions and the duties of the company to make better decisions on the steps to take. Consult when making a decision and take into considerations the finding of other researchers instead of arguing they are baseless to cover a situation they are clearly aware it is dangerous. Be ethical in making decision to protect the people from any harm. It is unethical for them to allow the company destroy the lives of the people regardless of the contributions to the economy. Firms have an obligation to conserve the environment (Weber, 2008, pp. 247-261). 3.Negligence The findings reveal that the areas are not safe for people to live but they argue that all this are false as some have lived there for many years without any effects. Workers are not aware of precautionary measures, and they wash their overalls at homes like Jeffrey increasing the infection rates. Vehicles from the mine leave when they are dusty, and this increases pollution Ignorance The individuals are ignorance of the fact that there is pollution; they do not care as long as the effects are not affecting their lives. The people are only thinking of the financial benefits they get from the company because of employments. Louise Armstrong, an indigenous inhabitant, does not believe lead pollution and does not care to test his children. The company had not started mining, so there was no exposure before. Dependency on the enterprise. The people depend on the company both directly and indirectly for survival. The company has employed 4000 people, and 5000 rely on it indirectly. These factors make the people unable to act against the company as it is the source of their daily incomes. 4.Control pollution of the company to the environment. It is true that the company is monitoring its emissions as Ed Turley, the company's environmental manager notes but it seems that something is wrong or cover-ups among the concerned parties. Research findings by Northern Territory's Charles Darwin University, Niels Munksgaard and Mark Taylor, of Sydney's Macquarie University, indicated that the mine was producing high levels of lead that other places like Romania and Japan yet their findings were ignored. The parents who are victims like Powe are assumed too, but the fact remains that the company is causing more harm to the people than good (Trevino, Nelson, 2010). Take responsibility and compensate the children who have been victims of the lead poisoning in Mount Isa. Brenda Oliver and her husband, Jeffrey come to the area to look for greener pastures, but the lead emission made their 13yr old son Ryan have learning and behavioural difficulties. Daphne Hare also came to work, but her daughter Stella recorded high levels of lead of 17mcg/dl and could frequently get sick. She decided to sue the parties involved before returning to her hometown. All this point to the evils of the company despite no actions taken to compensate the families for the harms they caused (De George, 2011). 5.I would surveys and questionaries to get information from the people. The two methods would enable me to get information from the people even those who fear to thunder in fears of losing their jobs. In this ways, true information will be obtained (Taylor, Bogdan, DeVault, 2015). 6.Surveys and questionnaires may limit the range of data I received from the respondents making the research not useful. The respondents may be reluctant to give complete information on the fear of it being used against them in case it gets on unauthorized persons (Hoonakker, Carayon, 2009, pp.348-373). References Crane, A., Matten, D., Spence, L. J. (Eds.). (2008).Corporate social responsibility: Readings and cases in a global context. London: Routledge. De George, R. T. (2011).Business ethics. Pearson Education India. Hoonakker, P., Carayon, P. (2009). Questionnaire survey nonresponse: A comparison of postal mail and internet surveys.Intl. Journal of HumanComputer Interaction,25(5), 348-373. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Trevino, L. K., Nelson, K. A. (2010).Managing business ethics. John Wiley Sons. Weber, M. (2008). The business case for corporate social responsibility: A company-level measurement approach for CSR.European Management Journal,26(4), 247-261.

Tennyson and optimism and despair Essay Example For Students

Tennyson and optimism and despair Essay I believe that Tennysons works do represent the different positions of optimism and despair. In The Lady of Shalott, she is hoping to get out of the castle, but she dies on the way down. In Ulysses, the two ideas are represented again, but through different ways. The lady in The Lady of Shalott is waiting for a prince to come and save her. A bowshot from her bower eaves, /He rode between the barley leaves describes her seeing Lancelot. She climbs down from the tower to ride a boat down to Camelot and (since she is cursed) ages rapidly and dies in the boat- She floated down to Camelot; /And as the boathead wound along /The willowy hills and fields among, /They heard her singing her last song, /The Lady of Shalott. In Ulysses, the persona loves going to battle, it gives him a sense of worth and something to do- And drunk delight of battle with my peers. He wants to go back out and fight, but there are no more wars, and his soul feels younger than his body. We are not now that strength which in old days /Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are- /One equal temper of heroic hearts, /Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will /To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. Tennyson had some tragedies in his life, and wrote about them in his poetry. But like all humans there is always hope and optimism that things will change for the better. We will write a custom essay on Tennyson and optimism and despair specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Words / Pages : 256 / 24 . Tennyson and optimism and despair Essay Example For Students Tennyson and optimism and despair Essay I believe that Tennysons works do represent the different positions of optimism and despair. In The Lady of Shalott, she is hoping to get out of the castle, but she dies on the way down. In Ulysses, the two ideas are represented again, but through different ways. The lady in The Lady of Shalott is waiting for a prince to come and save her. A bowshot from her bower eaves, /He rode between the barley leaves describes her seeing Lancelot. She climbs down from the tower to ride a boat down to Camelot and (since she is cursed) ages rapidly and dies in the boat- She floated down to Camelot; /And as the boathead wound along /The willowy hills and fields among, /They heard her singing her last song, /The Lady of Shalott. We will write a custom essay on Tennyson and optimism and despair specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In Ulysses, the persona loves going to battle, it gives him a sense of worth and something to do- And drunk delight of battle with my peers. He wants to go back out and fight, but there are no more wars, and his soul feels younger than his body. We are not now that strength which in old days /Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are- /One equal temper of heroic hearts, /Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will /To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. Tennyson had some tragedies in his life, and wrote about them in his poetry. But like all humans there is always hope and optimism that things will change for the better. Words/ Pages : 256 / 24 Tennyson and optimism and despair Essay Example For Students Tennyson and optimism and despair Essay I believe that Tennysons works do represent the different positions of optimism and despair. In The Lady of Shalott, she is hoping to get out of the castle, but she dies on the way down. In Ulysses, the two ideas are represented again, but through different ways. The lady in The Lady of Shalott is waiting for a prince to come and save her. A bowshot from her bower eaves, /He rode between the barley leaves describes her seeing Lancelot. She climbs down from the tower to ride a boat down to Camelot and (since she is cursed) ages rapidly and dies in the boat- She floated down to Camelot; /And as the boathead wound along /The willowy hills and fields among, /They heard her singing her last song, /The Lady of Shalott. In Ulysses, the persona loves going to battle, it gives him a sense of worth and something to do- And drunk delight of battle with my peers. He wants to go back out and fight, but there are no more wars, and his soul feels younger than his body. We are not now that strength which in old days /Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are- /One equal temper of heroic hearts, /Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will /To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. Tennyson had some tragedies in his life, and wrote about them in his poetry. But like all humans there is always hope and optimism that things will change for the better. We will write a custom essay on Tennyson and optimism and despair specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now .

Puberty Blues is a non-fictional story based on the lives of the authors, Kathy Lette and Gabrielle Carey as they were teenage Essays

Puberty Blues is a non-fictional story based on the lives of the authors, Kathy Lette and Gabrielle Carey as they were teenage Essays Puberty Blues is a non-fictional story based on the lives of the authors, Kathy Lette and Gabrielle Carey as they were teenage Essay Puberty Blues is a non-fictional story based on the lives of the authors, Kathy Lette and Gabrielle Carey as they were teenage Essay Essay Topic: We Real Cool Puberty Blues was written by Kathy Lette and Gabrielle Carey. It was first published in 1979. This edition was published in 2002 by Pan Macmillan in Sydney; and reprinted in 2003. It is a non-fictional story aimed at 13-14 year old girls based on the lives of the authors, Kathy Lette and Gabrielle Carey when they were teenagers growing up in the Southern suburbs of Sydney. Throughout the novel, the main characters, Debbie and Sue, explore the treacherous expectations that peer pressure can place upon adolescents lives. It represents the importance of coming to the realization that creating morals and values of your own, whether male or female, is the most important thing that you will ever have to do. At just thirteen years of age Debbie would have done anything to become part of the popular group. If you werent in that crowd you were no one. After dealing with the mean and harsh treatments the popular group had displayed towards Debbie and her best friend Sue, they continued endeavoring to be accepted by the group. The reader can slowly see Debbie change her morals and values as the story progresses. Her family was no longer important to her, she continually disrespected their rules and appeared ignorant to any past ethical behaviors they had taught her. She became obsessive about status and risked everything to fit in. She began to ditch her old friends and began drinking, smoking and cheating in schoolwork. She knew that it was wrong but popularity was her main priority. She lost dignity in herself and respect from her family and began to believe it was acceptable to eat, sleep and breathe the boys expectations of her. Debbie began to feel nothing was worthwhile, life was boring and there was nothing to do. She kept on commenting on how great it would be to surf but everyone laughed it off as a joke and replied with a quick answer that girls dont surf. To cure her boredom, she began to take drugs with the boys and soon fell pregnant to her boyfriend, Danny. After looking everywhere to find hi m and tell him the news she finally found him in his room nearly passed out from taking so many drugs. This was when Debbie became more aware of the outside world again and how shed changed. She began to realize that all her peer group ever did was do things for the boys and that their only source of entertainment was sex, drugs, and surfing (the girls were their accessories who sat on the beach and minded their towels). She was sick of delivering food to the guys when they were ready for it and she was sick of never doing anything for herself. After spending a lot of time thinking about it, she finally told Sue how she felt. She wanted to do something about it and she knew what that was. After that day Debbie and Sue bought their very own surfboard. They surfed all day long and had never felt better, and although their group had disowned them straight away she didnt care anymore. She saw them as a minority group she once strived to be part of. Puberty Blues is written in first person. This displays a more personal connection between the character and the reader. The authors also project a sense of confidence within the characters about what was cool and what wasnt. For example, in the first few paragraphs the characters tell you what was cool, they told you the things you must do to become accepted and as they were speaking showed a sense of excitement at the thought of this. They spoke of the boys in a manner which suggested they were god like creatures who were so superior to them that it was wrong not to do anything that they said. The novel is written in simple language yet relates to mature themes such as sex, drugs, and popularity amongst school life which affect the targeted audience who are becoming interested in such ideas and concepts. The language gives the reader a feeling of connection between the text and the ideas, which they can relate to themselves. In the beginning of the novel Debbie spoke in an incoherent manner but as she began to realize her inanity, she became more articulate and competent at expressing a cogent outlook on teenage false perceptions of priorities in life which seem miniscule to the outside world, e.g. popularity. Because the author includes the main characters throughout the novel, and shows their changes and how they grow as people, the use of an epilogue is one of the most important parts of this novel. It shows some who die from drug overdose and others ending up in jail for crimes they have committed. It shows how important it is to make the right decisions without sounding lame to the intended audience. The paragraph which reflects the most change in Debbie is the last paragraph in the book (p.113). We climbed the sand hill at Wanda and looked back. There they were, a mass of black specks way out to sea. The surf had dropped. They sat astride their boards in the grey, flat water; waiting. I knew theyd be talking about their chicks. They always did, way out there when the waves werent working. Hey Deb, lets go get a milkshake Sue and I walked off. It shows that Debbie at last sees the boys as an overrated obsession. How theyre better off claiming independence rather then living up to other peoples expectations and it also shows that your true friends are the ones who will always be there.

5 Traits of People Who Always Get Promoted at Work

5 Traits of People Who Always Get Promoted at Work Ever feel like you’re doing all the right things, but watching everyone around you advance while you’re still stuck spinning your wheels? Here are 5 things that successful people- you know, the ones getting all of those promotions every year- seem to have in common.1. They Have a StrategyRather than continuing to apply blindly up the ladder, highly successful (and highly promoted) people tend toward a more strategic approach. They choose jobs not based on simply getting to the next rung up, but on their particular strengths. And they have their next move already in mind. They figure out what their next job should be before applying to a new one. That way they’re always thinking about the skills and experiences they should be building now to move seamlessly towards their next position.2. They Say NoYou may think that you need to say â€Å"yes† to every proposed project in order to get ahead, but that’s not true. Truly successful people (even Warren B uffett) know that picking their projects and their battles- and prioritizing what they need to do to end up where they need to be- is the better strategy. They’re ruthless and discriminating in their choices.3. They Know How to Handle The BossSuccessful people realize their bosses hold the key to their advancement. If a boss is getting in the way, they find a way around it. They work their bosses, using â€Å"we† language and getting involved in what matters most to the person in charge of their next career steps. They challenge their bosses and gain their respect. Consequently, their bosses know when to promote them.4. They Keep Proof of Their SuccessesSuccessful professionals know they need hardcore proof that they are capable for their next job. They’re always strategizing how to work on projects that will impress their next boss as much as their current one. They don’t rest on their laurels or pursue extraneous education. They just build up a laundry list of proof that shows they are ready to take things to the next level.5. They Make an ImpressionThe most successful people understand that, in order to get anywhere in office life, they have to build influence. This doesn’t mean backstabbing or politicking. It just means: comporting themselves with integrity, honesty, and professionalism. They build relationships with the people and institutions that can make a lasting difference in their careers.

Procurement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Procurement - Assignment Example erefore, the outdoor sports stores REI might try to use certain strategies at the time of selecting the sources of supply, suppliers, market place and competition. Sources of supply: in order to satisfy the changing needs of the individual, maximum extent of the entrepreneurs of outdoor sport stores REI try to offer best products. Only then, the level of satisfaction rate of the customers might get enhanced thereby amplifying the rate of dominance in the market. However, in order to do so, the entrepreneurs desire to analyze the psychology and perception of the customers through vivid market research and competitor orientation policy. After doing so, the sources of supply are determined by the entrepreneurs of outdoor sports stores REI’s, in order to attract a wide range of customers towards it and to retain them for longer period of time among others (Drummond & Ensor, 2006). Not only this, by market research and customer orientation, the risk of switch over costs might be reduced that may prove extremely effective for the organization in the market among other rival players. Suppliers- as per contracting policy, the suppliers might be selected after signing the document of placing the orders exactly in time and also with exact materials. If the specified time period gets delayed then, the entire order of products might get cancelled along with the contractual document as well. Then, the suppliers may not be offered any sort of orders that might hamper the entire productivity and profitability of the organization. So, the suppliers are selected extremely consciously in order to retain them for longer period of time (Christensen, 2003). Market places- the market places are selected on the basis of the geographical distribution of the area. This is because, if the range of buyers is high, then the rate of sale might also be increased thereby amplifying its total profit margin as well. Similarly, if numerous mass markets, super markets or hyper markets are

Assessment Practices in Classroom Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment Practices in Classroom - Dissertation Example The paper "Assessment Practices in Classroom" presents the discussion about the types of assessment practices that the author has observed in classrooms and if the teacher assistant helped with the assessment and if so, in what ways. The paper also describes and discusses the importance of curriculum-based assessment.In classrooms, teachers carry out different forms of assessment. There are two distinct types of assessments. The first one is summative while the other is formative. Educators use summative assessments to gauge whether the students are learning relative to the said content standards. Examples of such assessments that I have noticed in class are the end of term exams and the end of chapter tests. Formative assessment on the other end is instrumental in classroom practice that contributes to teaching while the students continue to learning. An example of such is the group and personal presentation that the students do time to time. The educator can identify the areas that the students have understood while the same time contributes to an area that he feels needs more understanding. Another key distinction between formative assessments from the latter is the participation of the students. Formative assessment can only be achieved with the involvement of students in the discussion. And the teacher assistant helped with the assessment especially during the discussion in classes. As the students presented their findings, the teacher assistant pointed out the areas that did not have enough research.

Culture and Formation of Culture Essay Example for Free

Culture and Formation of Culture Essay The word culture can be referred to the behavior of the human beings specifically with the objects, things and commodities around them and these objects are used as an essential part of this behavior. In this sense it is only the ability of the mankind to create a culture. And culture itself will include all the norms and behaviors of human beings like language, customs, beliefs, religions, tool, techniques, arts, rituals, ceremonies and common practice of every day life. There are numerous definitions of culture and every anthropologist has a different view about it. Some has defined culture as â€Å"learned behavior† or â€Å"ideas in mind† or â€Å"a logical construct†, but the most favored definition is that culture is â€Å"the abstraction from behavior† (Culture). Certeau (xi) states that Culture is the combination of every day practices of the societies. But instead of making the unit force an individual he has taken a more economist perspective and regarded them as â€Å"consumers† (Certeau, xi). While John Fiske produced a two economic theory and regards culture as a parallel economy against the financial economy and has named it as â€Å"cultural economy† (Fiske, 538). As every economy has a capital the cultural economy’s capital consists of pleasure and meanings (Fiske, 541). Frederick Engels while speaking in the context of history defines culture as â€Å"traditions, which haunt human minds† (Engels, 10). Speaking conclusively culture is not only behavior neither an action, but it is the combination of abstraction and behavior or a behavior explicating a concept. Formation of Culture: According the theory of evolution, the advancement of the human behavior from natural to learned and freely variable behavior, the particulars of which have the tendency to be transferred to the next generation and has the ability to evolve into a system of things. Thus culture is a man made environment brought into existence by the human ability to symbol. When a culture is established then it has a life of its own. It is a range of things and events in a cause and effect relationship (Culture). Different theorists have argued about the formation of culture in their own specific way and style. According to Bourdieu â€Å"cultural needs are the product of upbringing and education† (Bourdieu, 42). He initially states that the production of cultural goods as well as the description of different ways of appropriating these goods as work of arts as well as providing social conditions, which are considered legitimate (Bourdieu, 42). He further emphasis that all social practices, which are the core of any culture, are traced back to education or social origin (Bourdieu, 42). On the other hand Fiske says that culture is the opposite force developed in response to the producers of consumer goods. He states that culture is the parellel economic system, which runs in response to the financial economic system. According to him it’s capital is meanings and pleasure (Fiske, 538). This is a more economic perspective of rather than the anthropological perspective. Theodor Adorno while discussing the evolution of popular music culture states that the popular music culture and its hold on the masses is because of the urge to distract the individuals from the current realities to the world of fantasy, and popular music has the ability to distract the listener from it (Adorno, 80,81). Thus according to him a culture evolves as a reaction of the current cultural norms. That is the main reason that the popular culture did not evolved before the industrial revolution. Social Relations: Social relations are the behaviors of different social groups related to and in response of each other. Thus speaking about the ruling class, which is also regarded as the elite class or aristocracy is the social group, which has the means of production at its disposal Thus the ruling ideas and concepts are the expressions of dominant material relationships (Marx Engels, 8). According to Marx and Engels the historically speaking the relationship of the individual and the ruling class are reflected by the dominance of ideas and concepts during the dominance of that ruling class. For instance during the dominion of the aristocracy the concepts of loyalty and honor were dominant, while during the dominion of the bourgeoisie the concepts of equality and freedom were dominant (Marx and Engels, 8). The relation between the ruling class and the lower class has two ways. Either it leads or it dominates. The first relation is with its allies while the second is with its enemies (Gramsci, 12) Thus the social relations between the aristocracy has two conditions. If the aristocracy has friendly terms with the lower class, the lower class will follow accordingly under its leadership. But if the lower class does not consent the way the ruling class leads it will refuse to follow. As a result the ruling class will try to dominate the lower class in order to maintain its status. Marx has regarded the aristocracy as the material forces of production, which sometimes come into conflict with the property relations that is the lower class and results in the social revolution (Marx, 9). Engels says that the economic political and traditional i. e cultural factors are interrelated and they in combination play the determined role in the formation of history. Thus history is the product of the combine efforts of the economical, political and demographical factors. Thus one can very easily find the social relation between the economy, politics and cultural norms. Works Cited Adorno, Theodor W. â€Å"On Popular Music† Studies in Philosophy and Social Sciences. 1941. Bourdieu, Pierre. â€Å"Distinction and The Aristocracy of Culture†. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. 1984, Routledge, London. Certeau, Michel de. â€Å"The Practice of Every Day Life† 1984, Berkley University California Press. â€Å"Culture. † Encyclop? dia Britannica. 2007. Encyclop? dia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 8 May, 2007. Fiske, John. â€Å"The Popular Economy† Television Culture. 1987, Routledge, London. Gramsci, Antonio. â€Å"Hegomony, Intellectuals and the State† Princeton Notebooks, Lawrence Wishart, London. Marx, Karl. â€Å"Base Superstructure† A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. 1976, Foreign Languages Press, Peking. Marx, Karl Engels, Federick. â€Å"Ruling Class and Ruling Ideas† The German Ideology. 1970, Lawrence Wishart, London. Marx, Karl Engels. â€Å"A Letter to Joseph Bloch† Selected Letters. 1977, Foreign Languages Press, Peking.

Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death Essay -- Because

Emily Dickinson's Because I Could Not Stop for Death Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† is a remarkable masterpiece that exercises thought between the known and the unknown. In Dickinson’s poem, â€Å"Because I could not stop Death,† there is much impression in the tone, in symbols and in the use of imagery that over flow with creativity. One might undoubtedly agree to an eerie, haunting, if not frightening, tone and use of symbolism in Dickinson’s poem. Dickinson uses controlling adjectives –â€Å"slowly† and â€Å"passed† – to create a tone that seems rather placid. For example, â€Å"We slowly drove –He knew no Haste / †¦We passed the School †¦ / We passed the Setting Sun† (5,9,11,12), sets a slow, quiet, and clam atmosphere. The tone in Dickinson’s poem puts readers’ ideas on a track towards a boggling atmosphere. Dickinson’s poem lives on complex ideas that are evoked through symbols, which carry her readers through her poem. Besides the literal significance of –the â€Å"School,† â€Å"Gazing Grain,† â€Å"Setting Sun,† and the â€Å"Ring† –much is gathered to complete the poem’s central idea. Dickinson brought to light the mysteriousness of the life cycle. The cycle of one’s life, as symbolized by Dickinson, has three stages and then a final stage of eternity. â€Å"Schools, where children strove† (9) may represent childhood; â€Å"Fields of Gazing Grain† (11), maturity; and â€Å"Setting Sun† (12) old age. In addition to these three stages, the final stage of eternity was symbolized in the last two lines of the poem, the â€Å"Horses Heads† (23), leading â€Å"towards Eternity† (24). Dickinson thought about the life cycle in terms of figurative symbols. Dickinson describes the scene such that mental pictures of sight, feeling, and sound com... ...ld not stop for Death," will leave many readers talking for years to come. This poem then, puts on immortality through an act of mere creativity. Indeed, creativity was captured at all angles in this striking piece. Bibliography Dickinson, Emily. "Because I could not stop for Death." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford-St. Martin’s, 1997. 642-643. Greenaway, Kate. "Ring-a-ring-a-roses." The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes. Ed. Iona and Peter Opie. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951. 365. Greenberg, John M. "Dickinson’s Because I could not stop for Death." Explicator. v49n4. Summer 1991. 218. Monteiro, George. "Dickinson’s Because I could not stop for Death." Explicator. v46n3. Spring 1998. 20, 21. Shaw, Mary N. "Dickinson’s Because I could not stop for Death." Explicator. v50n1. Fall 1991. 21.

How Democratic was Andrew Jackson?

Andrew Jackson was a democratic man by supporting the people’s choices and wanting their voices to be equally heard, however that is not the case throughout his presidency. He is considered â€Å"Democratic† because he wanted everyone’s opinions to be heard and equally represented. Democracy can have different meanings, but ultimately they all correspond with each other. A democracy is a government ran by the people through the representatives that were elected. The democracy has a principle of equality between social classes and between individuals.Jackson believed that the rich and powerful people got away with bending the acts of the government to get what they wanted, as shown in document F. He wrote a bank veto message to congress on July 10th, 1832, Jackson is worried that the more than one fourth of the stock is in foreign hands and the rest is in the hands of the richest class citizens. Jackson believes that the rich and powerful people bend the acts of t he government to fulfill their selfish needs.Andrew Jackson wants the liberty and independence to be restores in the banks for our country. Andrew Jackson’s childhood as shown in the background essay was about how he grew up and what he was exposed to as a child. Jackson’s father died before he was born so his mother was his primary caretaker who did not have much money. He also enlisted in the Revolutionary war at the young age of 13; imagine being 13 and going to war, now of days that kind of exposure to adolescences is absurd.Andrew Jackson was not an easy child to raise, but his attitude, hard headed personality, and persistence can be seen as a benefit in document D explaining that no matter how old Jackson was, he always had that stern attitude with him. In this document Jackson insisted that all the offices from the appointed or elected should be under the control of the peoples rule. Also he thought it would be fairly equal if the President should only serve a single term of four years, this way if one need of the people was not satisfied then hopefully the next President would succeed in that flaw.Although Jackson’s harsh personality may have been beneficial at times, at other times it can be interpreted different. Document E shows a picture of Andrew Jackson dressed as a king standing upon the Constitution of the United States that is ripped to pieces. This is obviously a political cartoon coming from someone who did not support Jackson’s decisions. The cartoon is inferring that Jackson acted as a king and made his own rules, rather than acting like the President. Some of the decisions he brought about made it difficult for people to see him as democratic.For example in document O it showed a chart of Andrew Jackson’s slaveholdings, the numbers visibly increased during his presidency throughout 1829-1837. This goes in the complete opposite direction of democracy. Personally it seems like Jackson was only democratic when it referred to his needs also. This is not saying that Jackson was some kind of manipulating jerk who only cared about himself, he just did things not completely for the people’s needs, and document M proves exactly that point.Jackson did do a very noble and heartwarming thing by adopting Lyncoya, especially since Lyncoya had no one to take care of him and the other people wanted him dead. In the letter he wrote to his wife Rachel he said that it â€Å"Charity and Christianity says he ought be taken care of† this proves he honestly did care about others and ultimately did want the best thing for them. On the other hand the other letter he wrote to Rachel was telling Rachel to tell their adopted son to read his book and do what she said, showing that Lyncoya must have been acting out.Taking Lyncoya out of his comfort zone and everything that he knew may have not been the best thing for him; Jackson was trying to convert him into the American lifestyle that Lyncoya was not used to. The Indian removal map in document L shows that the natives were not respected among the Americans. All the natives from the Seminole tribe in Florida, to the Choctaw tribe in Mississippi were forced into the Indian territory located by Arkansas and Missouri, or in other words out of the states. And in Document K shows that the natives were not included in this democracy since their opinions did not matter to the rest of the United States.The Cherokee Nation just wanted to live on the land that they lived on for years, they didn’t want to be moved to a better place, they wanted to stay on their land because it was sentimental to them and it was their home. They didn’t rebel against the American people , but lived in peace with and fought together as alliances. The natives just wanted to stay where they grew up and that was what they spoke.Andrew Jackson did seem like he cared about the Indians in document J by trying to help the Indians out by setting up a distinct area for them to live, but  what he didn’t listen to or understand was that it was their home, not just a place where they lived. In conclusion, you could say that Andrew Jackson was democratic by the way he wanted to help the lower class be heard and brought equal to the wealthier class. But then again his encounters with the Native Americans and the facts with his slaveholdings make him seem undemocratic. However, I really do believe that Andrew Jackson tried to do the best thing for the people, but I do not believe that he elaborated much on some of the complicated situations he dealt with throughout his time as President.

Web design and development practices

InroductionThe Web design and development patterns, the reappraisal of the wed design and what are the engineerings we are used and the besides the reappraisal about the effectual web site design patterns, and the is the good pattern. And here besides discuss the Security in the web site design in the E-commerce web sites. And besides include the what type of security mechanism are in the E-commerce web site. In the concluding portion develop an enlightening web site, and that website provide a speedy and easy entree to our recommendations.WEB PAGE DESIGN:Web page design is a procedure of conceptualisation, planning, modeling, and executing of electronic media content bringing via cyberspace in the signifier of engineerings such as grade up linguistic communication like hypertext markup language, xhtml, xml suitable for reading and show by a web browser or other web based graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . The purpose of web design is to make a web site ( a aggregation of electronic files shacking on one or more web waiters ) that presents content ( including synergistic characteristics or interfaces ) to the terminal user in the signifier of web pages one time requested. Such component as text, signifiers, and bitmapped images can be placed on the page utilizing HTML, XHTML and XML tickets. Exposing more complex media ( vector artworks, lifes, pictures, sounds ) normally required circuit boards such as flash, speedy clip, java run clip environment etc. Circuit boards besides embedded into web pages by utilizing HTML or XHTML tickets. Improvements in the assorted browsers ‘ conformity with W3C criterions prompted a widespread credence of XHTML and XML in concurrence with Cascading Style sheets ( CSS ) to place and manipulate web page elements. The latest criterions and proposals aim at taking to the assorted browsers ‘ ability to present a broad assortment of media and handiness options to Clint perchance without using Circuit boards.Typically web pages are classified as inactive or dynamic.* Static pages do n't alter content and layout with every petition a human manually updated the page. * Dynamic pages adapt their content and/or visual aspect depending on the terminal user ‘s input or interaction or alterations in calculating environment. Content can be changed on the client side by utilizing client side scripting linguistic communications ( JavaScript, JScript, Actionscript, media participants and PDF reader circuit boards, etc. ) to change DOM elements ( DHTML ) . Dynamic content is frequently compiled on the waiter utilizing server-side scripting linguistic communications ( PHP, ASP, Perl, Coldfusion, JSP, Python, etc. ) . Both attacks are normally used in complex applications.WEB SITE DESIGN:A web site is a aggregation of information about a peculiar subject or capable. Planing a web site is defined as the agreement and creative activity of web pages that in bend make up a web site. A web page consists of information for which the web site is developed. A web site might be compared to a book, where each page of the book is a web page. There are many facets ( design concerns ) in this procedure, and due to the rapid development of the Internet, new facets may emerge. For non-commercial web sites, the ends may change depending on the coveted exposure and response. For typical commercial web sites, the basic facets of design are: * The content: The substance and information on the site should be relevant to the site and should aim the country of the populace that the web site is concerned with. * The serviceability: the site should be user-friendly, with the interface and pilotage simple and dependable. * The visual aspect: the artworks and text should include a individual manner that flows throughout, to demo consistence. The manner should be professional, appealing and relevant. * The visibleness: the site must besides be easy to happen via most, if non all, major hunt engines and advertisement media. A web site typically consists of text and images. The first page of a web site is known as the Home page or Index. Some web sites use what is normally called a Splash Page. Splash pages might include a welcome message, linguistic communication or part choice, or disclaimer. Each web page within a web site is an HTML file which has its ain URL. After each web page is created, they are typically linked together utilizing a pilotage bill of fare composed of hyperlinks. Faster shoping velocities have led to shorter attending spans and more demanding online visitants and this has resulted in less usage of Splash Pages, peculiarly where commercial web sites are concerned. Once a web site is completed, it must be published or uploaded in order to be viewable to the populace over the cyberspace. This may be done utilizing an FTP client. Once published, the web maestro may utilize a assortment of techniques to increase the traffic, or hits, that the web site receives. This may include subjecting the web site to a searc engine such as Google or Yahoo, interchanging links with other web sites, making associations with similar web sites, etc. [ 1 ]These cardinal subjects needed for an effectual web design include:* Accessibility * User-centred design and serviceability * Internet selling planning and betterment procedure * Information architecture and findability * Search engine optimization ( SEO ) * Web criterions * Persuasion to present concern consequences * Web analytics A · Legal demandsPrinciples of Effective Web Design:There are 14 cardinal facets of web design execution which need to be managed for a successful undertaking. These are broken down into six parts which we have made available as separate subdivisions for easiness of mention. We have summarised the success factors in Success map for effectual web design.Here is an overview, a spirit of what we cover in the different subdivisions:Part 1: Scheme and Planning* Section 2. Internet selling planning and betterment procedure.To make a web site which delivers consequences for its proprietors is non merely about ocular design, itaˆYs non merely about serviceability or handiness or so about the development tools selected. An effectual site requires an in-depth apprehension of market place within which the web site operates. In peculiar, the context for an effectual client experience should be assessed as portion of client experience direction. To understand the market place and to tap int o it requires a sound Internet selling program. In this subdivision, we outline a structured procedure for developing an Internet selling scheme that aligns with an administrations online and offline market places. We besides give illustrations of how strategic ends translate into site designs.Part 2: User-centred design and serviceability* Section 3. User-centred web design procedure.User-centred design ( UCD ) is an established, proven attack to plan or run of merchandises. It has been embraced by web design and serviceability bureaus as a sound attack to presenting customer-centric web sites that deliver value for a concern. It should be a cardinal concern demand to name an bureau which has a sound UCD procedure and the right accomplishment set and experience to put to death it. In this subdivision we introduce the key techniques of UCD such as audience analysis, character development, serviceability and information architecture. We so cover these in more item later in the papers .* Section 4. Web serviceability.The ground why serviceability is critical to website design is obvious. Jakob Nielsen expresses it good in his â€Å" Usability 101 † when he says: â€Å" On the Web, serviceability is a necessary status for endurance. If a web site is hard to utilize, people leave. If the home page fails to clearly province what a company offers and what users can make on the site, people leave. If users get lost on a web site, they leave. If a web site ‘s information is difficult to read or does n't reply users ‘ cardinal inquiries, they leave. Note a form here? † The deduction is that many will ne'er return either. In this subdivision, we examine the principle for serviceability and best attacks for different serviceability techniques including adept reappraisals, questionnaires, interviews, serviceability testing and focal point groups.Part 3: Handiness and Web criterions* Section 5. Web handiness.â€Å" For me being on-line is everything. It ‘s my high-fidelity, it ‘s my beginning of income, it ‘s my supermarket, it ‘s my telephone. It ‘s my manner in. † Lynn Holdsworth, screen reader user, Web Developer and Programmer. ( Beginning: RNIB ) This quotation mark shows the importance of web handiness to a visually impaired user of a web site who uses a screen-reader which reads out the pilotage options and content on a web site. In this subdivision, we review the benefits of implementing handiness and web criterions, different demands for handiness and summarize the topographic points you can travel to happen the latest criterions and tools for measuring the h andiness of your sitesPart 4: Information Architecture* Section 6. Information architecture.â€Å" It is of import to recognize that every information system, be it a book or an intranet, has an information architecture. `Well developed ‘ is the key here, as most sites do n't hold a planned information architecture at all. They are correspondent to edifices that were n't architected in progress. Design determinations reflect the personal prejudices of interior decorators, the infinite does n't scale over clip, engineerings drive the design and non the other manner around. † Rosenfeld and Morville ( 2002 ) Information architecture tends to play the function of the ugly half sister at the Web Design Ball – itaˆYs non sexy for many gustatory sensations. But merely how of import is information architecture ( IA ) ? Where does it come on the list of precedences for a new site design? Is it more of import or less of import than each of serviceability, handiness and persuasion? Most would reason that it is less of import, but we believe the value of information architecture is under-estimated. As the quotation mark suggests, without a sound foundation provided by effectual information architecture a site is likely to be less useable, accessible and less persuasive. In this subdivision, we review structured techniques for making an information architecture including information seeking behavior analysis ; content analysis and papers metadata, card-sorting and controlled vocabularies.* Section 7. Ocular Design.With such a focal point on serviceability, handiness and persuasion in results-led website design, the function of the visuals within a site can be underestimated compared to the more functional facets of website design. But the ocular design surely does hold a major influence on the experience as perceived by visitants and interior decorators surely spend a batch of purpose on the ocular design. In this subdivision, we explore different f acets of acquiring the visuals right including site personality, usage of coloring material, images, typography and page templets and layout.* Section 8. Findability Best Practice Principles.Many web users sing many sites are directed information searchers who are looking for something specific – a peculiar merchandise or peculiar content. And they want to happen it fast. So a cardinal demand of all sites is to do it easy for the site visitant to happen the content – to rapidly link them with what they are looking for. Usability and handiness donaˆYt rather emphasise the importance of this, so we need a new aˆzilityaˆY . Findability. We like this word it emphasises the importance of concentrating on pilotage, on-site hunt and papers metadata within a design undertaking. In this subdivision of the usher, we will take an in-depth expression at maximizing findability on your site through redesigning or polishing your pilotage and hunt maps.* Section 9. Search Engine Optimisation ( SEO ) Best Practice PrinciplesSearch engine optimization ( SEO ) should be built into your program for a new or refined site from the beginning. Amongst interior decorators, there is a argument about how proactive they should be in accomplishing SEO. Some believe that SEO occurs of course with a good quality of criterions based coding. We disagree. Our position is that for commercial sites, it is indispensable to be proactive to derive the best consequences in a competitory market. Good places wonaˆYt go on by accident. SEO should be at the nucleus of all site developments. In this subdivision, we introduce the cardinal practical elements of SEO for interior decorators which determine a websiteaˆYs ranking place.Part 5: Persuasive Design, copywriting and web analytics* Section 10. Persuasive design & A ; copywriting.Persuasive design is possibly talked about less than the other techniques we have covered in this usher such as serviceability and handines s. But in our position, it is every bit of import. Sites which are reviewed, built and monitored through a persuasion attack will probably give better consequences than those where serviceability or handiness is to the bow. In this subdivision, we will exemplify Persuasive Design techniques for different page types and SEO Best Practice by analyzing Econsultancy.com, so demoing some of the aˆzsecrets of our successaˆY . We besides review other sites.* Section 11. Using web analytics to better website design effectivityAlthough â€Å" web analytics † is the formal name for the procedure and tools used to analyze and better the selling effectivity of web sites, many sellers and interior decorators, know it merely as aˆzwebsite statisticsaˆY . Many ab initio view these statistics on a par with pigment drying after seeing the 100 pages of monthly site statistics provided by IT, but if so, they are likely in the incorrect occupation. Consequently, in many companies where the web site is non core to concern activity, these site stats are ignored. But successful e-marketers make the attempt to understand the different studies and so inquire the right inquiries to understand cause, consequence and redress or chance. In this subdivision we introduce different types of web analytics tools and highlight the most utile studies to reexamine in your web analytics system to better website consequences.Part 6: Execution and direction* Section 12. Technical site demands.A site will neglect if it fails to present satisfactory experiences for its visitants. This is non merely down to the factors we have reviewed such as content, serviceability and handiness, but besides dependant on the substructure including hosting, waiters, content direction systems. Speed and handiness are still of import in the broadband universe. In this subdivision, we give arrows on how you can measure and better the public presentation of your web site.* Section 13. The Law â€⠀œ is your site lawfully compliant?Many Torahs have been enacted in many states to command e-communications and e-commerce and to protect the consumer. Website proprietors are capable to these and it is typically managers within a company who are apt, so it is of import to look into your site is compliant. Reputational harm may be greater than the fiscal effects of interrupting the jurisprudence. These Torahs are invariably being refined and new trial instances in the tribunals help clear up the conformity required. While we canaˆYt hope to take you through all the Torahs, and arenaˆYt qualified to make so you should confer with a attorney. In this subdivision, we can explicate the chief types of Torahs to which the proprietors of web sites are capable and point you in the right way for elaborate, up-to-date counsel.* Section 14. Choosing bureaus to back up web design.We have seen that results-led web design is dependent on many success factors. This makes happening the best bureaus for you is disputing. In this subdivision, we look at some of the types of bureaus and issues to see and we give a briefing checklist of issues to see. [ 2 ]Principles OF EFFECTIVE WEB DESIGN:1. Do n't do users believeHarmonizing to Krug ‘s first jurisprudence of serviceability, the web-page should be obvious and self-explanatory. When you ‘re making a site, your occupation is to acquire rid of the inquiry Markss. The determinations users need to do consciously, sing pros, cons and options. If the pilotage and site architecture are n't intuitive, the figure of inquiry Markss grows and makes it harder for users to grok how the system works and how to acquire from point A to point B. A clear construction, moderate ocular hints and easy recognizable links can assist users to happen their way to their purpose.2. Do n't waste users ‘ forbearanceIn every undertaking when you are traveling to offer your visitants some service or tool, seek to maintain your user demands minimum. The less action is required from users to prove a service, the more likely a random visitant is to really seek it out. First-time visitants are willing to play with the service, non make fulling long web signifiers for an history they might ne'er utilize in the hereafter. Let users research the site and detect your services without coercing them into sharing private informations. It ‘s non sensible to coerce users to come in an electronic mail reference to prove the characteristic. As Ryan Singer, The developer of the 37Signals squad provinces, users would likely be eager to supply an electronic mail reference if they were asked for it after they ‘d seen the characteristic work, so they had some thought of what they were traveling to acquire in return.3. Manage to concentrate users ‘ attending:As web-sites provide both inactive and dynamic content, some facets of the user interface pull attending more than others do. Obviously, images are more attention-getting than the text merely as the sentences marked as bold are more attractive than apparent text. The human oculus is a extremely non-linear device, and web-users can immediately acknowledge borders, forms and gestures. This is why video-based advertizements are highly bothersome and distracting, but from the marketing position they absolutely do the occupation of capturing users ‘ attending.4. Strive for characteristic exposure:Modern web designs are normally criticized due to their attack of steering users with visually appealing 1-2-3-done-steps, big buttons with ocular effects etc. But from the design position these elements really are n't a bad thing. On the contrary, such guidelines are highly effectual as they lead the visitants through the site content in a really simple and user-friendly manner.5. Make usage of effectual authorship:As the Web is different from print, it ‘s necessary to set the authorship manner to users ‘ penchants and shoping wonts. Promotional authorship wo n't be read. Long text blocks without images and keywords marked in bold or it alics will be skipped. Exaggerated linguistic communication will be ignored. Talk concern. Avoid cute or clever names, selling induced names, company-specific names, and unfamiliar proficient names. For case, if you describe a service and want users to make an history, â€Å" mark up † is better than â€Å" get down now! † which is once more better than â€Å" research our services † .An optimum solution for effectual authorship is to* usage short and concise phrases ( come to the point every bit rapidly as possible ) , * usage scannable layout ( categorise the content, use multiple header degrees, use ocular elements and bulleted lists which break the flow of unvarying text blocks ) , * usage field and nonsubjective linguistic communication ( a publicity does n't necessitate to sound like advertizement ; give your users some sensible and nonsubjective ground why they should utilize your service or remain on your web-site ) .6. Strive for simpleness:The â€Å" maintain it simple † rule ( KIS ) should be the primary end of site design. Users are seldom on a site to bask the design ; moreover, in most instances they are looking for the information despite the design. Strive for simpleness alternatively of complexness7. Do n't be afraid of the white infinite:Actually it ‘s truly difficult to overrate the importance of white infinite. Not merely does it assist to cut down the cognitive burden for the visitants, but it makes it possible to comprehend the information presented on the screen. When a new visitant approaches a design layout, the first thing he/she attempts to make is to scan the page and split the content country into digestible pieces of infor mation. Complex constructions are harder to read, scan, analyze and work with. If you have the pick between dividing two design sections by a seeable line or by some whitespace, it ‘s normally better to utilize the whitespace solution. Hierarchical constructions cut down complexness ( Simon ‘s Law ) : the better you manage to supply users with a sense of ocular hierarchy, the easier your content will be to comprehend.8. Communicate efficaciously with a â€Å" seeable linguistic communication † :In his documents on effectual ocular communicating, Aaron Marcus provinces three cardinal rules involved in the usage of the alleged â€Å" seeable linguistic communication † the content users see on a screen. * Organize: supply the user with a clear and consistent conceptual construction. Consistency, screen layout, relationships and navigability are of import constructs of organisation. The same conventions and regulations should be applied to all elements. * Economize: do the most with the least sum of cues and ocular elements. Four major points to be considered: simpleness, lucidity, peculiarity, and accent. Simplicity includes merely the elements that are most of import for communicating. Clarity: all constituents should be designed so their significance is non equivocal. Peculiarity: the of import belongingss of the necessary elements should be distinguishable. Emphasis: the most of import elements should be easy perceived. * Communicate: fit the presentation to the capablenesss of the user. The user interface must maintain in balance discernability, readability, typography, symbolism, multiple positions, and colour or texture in order to pass on successfully. Use soap. 3 fonts in a upper limit of 3 point sizes a upper limit of 18 words or 50-80 characters per line of text.9. Conventions are our friends:Conventional design of site elements does n't ensue in a deadening web site. In fact, conventions are really utile as they cut down the acquisition curve, the demand to calculate out how things work. For case, it would be a serviceability incubus if all web-sites had different ocular presentation of RSS-feeds. That ‘s non that different from our regular life where we tend to acquire used to basic rules of how we organize informations ( booklets ) or do shopping ( arrangement of merchandises ) . With conventions you can derive users ‘ assurance, trust, and dependability and turn out your credibleness. Follow users ‘ outlooks – understand what they ‘re anticipating from a site pilotage, text construction, hunt arrangement etc.10. Test early, trial frequently:This alleged TETO-principle should be applied to every web design undertaking as serviceability trials frequently provide important penetrations into important jobs and issues related to a given layout. Test non excessively tardily, non excessively small and non for the incorrect grounds. In the latter instance it ‘s necessary to understand that most design determinations are local ; that means that you ca n't universally reply whether some layout is better than the other one as you need to analyse it from a really specific point of position ( sing demands, stakeholders, budget etc. ) .Some of import points to maintain in head:* Harmonizing to Steve Krug, proving one user is 100 % better than proving none and proving one user early in the undertaking is better than proving 50 near the terminal. Harmonizing to Boehm ‘s first jurisprudence, mistakes are most frequent during demands and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed. * Testing is an iterative procedure. That means that you design something, trial it, fix it and so prove it once more. There might be jobs which have n't been found during the first unit of ammunition as users were practically blocked by other jobs. * serviceability trials ever produce utile consequences. Either you ‘ll be pointed to the jobs you have or you ‘ll be pointed to the absence of major design defect which is in both instances a utile penetration for your undertaking. * harmonizing to Weinberg ‘s jurisprudence, a developer is unsuited to prove his or her codification. This holds for interior decorators every bit good. After you ‘ve worked on a site for few hebdomads, you ca n't detect it from a fresh position any longer. You know how it is built and hence you know precisely how it works – you have the wisdom independent examiners and visitants of your site would n't hold. [ 4 ]2. Web Design Security:Introduction:The Web is one of the most radical engineerings that changes the concern environment and has a dramatic impact on the hereafter of electronic commercialism ( EC ) . The hereafter of EC will speed up the displacement of the power toward the consumer, which will take to cardinal alterations in the manner companies relate to their clients and vie with one another ( Slywotzky, 2000 ) .The huge popularity of the Internet indecent old ages has been fuelled mostly by the chance of executing concern on-line. More and more compan ies set up their ain corporate LANs by Intranet, use Extranet and Internet to work collaboratively with their clients, providers, and spouses. The Internet can convey down physical barriers to commerce, about instantly giving even the smallest concern entree to untapped markets around the universe. At the same clip, consumers can carry on concern and do purchases from companies antecedently unavailable to them. Furthermore, companies are able to put marketing stuff on Internet waiters runing from simple advertisement to comprehensive practical booklets. In today ‘s planetary market place, fast dependable information is a necessity for most companies to achieve some sort of competitory advantage. For range 1000000s of users on the Internet 24 hours a twenty-four hours. Electronic commercialism is defined as purchasing and merchandising of merchandise, services or information via computing machine webs, chiefly the Internet. As the fastest turning aspect of the Internet and other information engineerings, EC offers functionality and new ways of making concern that no company can afford to disregard. The footing for trav eling to an electronic commercialism is a belief that electronic markets have the possible to be more efficient in developing new formation-based goods and services, Finding planetary clients and merchandising spouses to carry on concern. Electronic commercialism via the Internet or the following coevals Internet Protocol, IPv6, will alter concern establishments, operations and products/services as we know today, merely as the telephone, Television, facsimile, and e-mail changed the manner concerns and consumers Communicate. Electronic commercialism has become really popular because of the benefits and the convenience it brings along. As shown in Table I, the benefits include merchandise publicity, cost economy, timely information, shortened remittal clip, information consistence, better client service, better client relationship, customization of merchandises, competitory advantages, and convenience of making concern.Security tips for website design:Define and measure the security hazards:Specify what the security demands are, how information is classified, a security policy, how the policy will be monitored and who is responsible. List everything that is used, interacted with or altered by the web site. Classify the informations based on sensitiveness and the consequence unauthorized alteration, release or loss would hold on your concern. This will help make up one's minding where the most attempt should be placed in protection. For really simple systems with no sensitive informations, merely insist on some standard security baselines for the undertaking. If the web site or web application is more complex or includes sensitive informations, see making a menace theoretical account and place the menaces and possible exposures. The analysis will help development of the web site ‘s demands and is really utile to the development squad.Take a holistic position:Information security is non merely about forestalling larceny or harm. It besides includes guaranti ng your web site is available, is fast adequate, following with legal and regulative demands, supplying accurate information, forestalling release of confidential information to unauthorized users protecting your concern informations and rational belongings from mis-use or loss, inappropriate usage, protecting your users, guaranting concern continuity and supplying the ability to analyze and larn from incidents. Balance the degree of security with easiness of usage and cost restraints.Do n't swear anyone else ‘s informations ( or your ain ) :Your web site will hold input from users, but besides from other beginnings such as intelligence provenders, other purchased informations and the back-office systems of your ain administration and possibly of spouses. All this information should be validated on input and on end product to protect users and systems.Enforce reappraisal and blessing at each milestone:By set abouting a reappraisal of security into the undertaking ‘s mile stones and formal blessing, security becomes built into the development procedure and security issues can be tackled every bit shortly as possible. The earlier security is thought approximately, the cheaper it is to extenuate hazards. Build alteration control methodological analysis into the design procedure.Help the development squad codification firmly:Good development patterns should guarantee that the development squad are working to a consistent model and that developers produce high quality codification. Software will ever incorporate mistakes, but with preparation, usage of development criterions and guidelines, security hazards can be minimised. Ensure that you provide adequate clip to develop the web site or web application firmly – non merely accomplish the functionality demands.Integrate security into the proving programme:All undertakings must include structured testing. The menace theoretical account ( see No 4 above ) can be used to assist make test scenarios. S ecurity proving involves look intoing what is non allowed every bit good as the intended functionality. This requires a alteration in mentality for conventional examiners.Deploy the web site firmly:Development, trial and unrecorded environments may be configured otherwise and many security issues can originate because of this. The direction of the apparatus and launch of the website demands to be undertaken in a controlled and defined manner to guarantee all the security controls are in topographic point and extra exposures are non created. Document the constellation and any future changes.Include security in every contract and service degree understanding:Specify what security protection you need from your providers, spouses and sub-contractors. Use the same processes to measure their security as you would your ain. Identify what security monitoring you require and how security breaches will be detected and disclosed Consider catastrophe recovery ( and concern continuity ) : See what might do loss of handiness of the web site and place the likeliness of happening and the consequence on the concern. Examine whether actions should be taken to extinguish, cut down, insure or accept the hazards. [ 5 ]The benefits of electronic commercialism:Merchandise publicity: Through a direct, information-rich and synergistic contact with clients, EC enhances the publicity of merchandises. Electronic medium besides allows interactivity and customization for advertisement content, based on the client profile or input. EC therefore offers an chance for new publicity schemes, heightening the stigmatization of merchandises. Cost economy: By utilizing a public shared substructure such as the Internet and digitally conveying and recycling information, EC systems lower the cost of presenting information to clients, including forces, phone, postage, and printing costs. Timely information: Due to their instantaneous nature, EC systems allow a decrease of the rhythm clip required to bring forth and present information and services. Shortened remittal clip: With electronic financess transfer ( EFT ) , clients send their remittals electronically to the company ‘s bank. This agreement eliminates the clip hold associated with the remittal in the mail system Information consistence: EC ensures the consistence and truth of information through sharing of information and usage of electronic signifiers for making concern. Better client service: The ability to supply online replies to jobs through declaration ushers, archives of normally encountered jobs and electronic mail interaction 24 hours a twenty-four hours, 365 yearss a twelvemonth, builds client assurance and keeping. Better client relationship: EC enables the larning about clients due to its ability to enter every event in which a client asks for information about a merchandise, buys one, requests client service, etc. Through these interactions, the demands of the client are identified and will feed future selling attempts. Customization of merchandises: The information-based nature of the EC procedures allows for new merchandises to be Created or bing merchandises to be customized based on clients ‘ exact demands. Competitive advantages: EC enables a company to accomplish competitory advantages of: cost salvaging based on Reduced advertising/promotion costs ; merchandise distinction by custom-making Merchandises and timely response to market ; client focal point through better client Relationships and better client services. Convenience of making concern: There is no bound on clip and location to carry on a concern with related parties. The information delivered to makers, providers and warehouses is about existent clip.E-commerce Web site design theoretical accounts:There is no uncertainty that many Web design theoretical accounts exist on the Internet and new theoretical accounts are increasing efficiently. EC is non merely about making concern over the Internet, it is about altering the manner companies do concern. It is about making new concern theoretical accounts while transforming traditional 1s. After sing many Web sites, a sum of 12 Web site design theoretical accounts for EC were found, the first four theoretical accounts that related to the informational/communicational design are: 1. Brand consciousness and image edifice theoretical account ; 2. cost salvaging theoretical account ; 3. Promotion theoretical account ; and 4.info-mediary theoretical accountBrand consciousness and image edificeModel:Web sites that use this theoretical account provide detailed, rational information about the house and its offerings. They may besides function as a signal to current and prospective clients and rivals that the house is on the film editing border. The theoretical account reaches motivated clients with an information/image-rich communications message. Because the entry barriers are so low, smaller houses can put up this sort of site as good or in some instances even better than larger houses. Examples of the trade name consciousness and image edifice theoretical account include: * Ford ( www.ford.com ) non merely lists all the theoretical accounts of its seven celebrated automotive trade names, but besides posts its environmental policy, cleaner fabrication, community engagement, and corporate citizenship study. * Reebok ( www.reebok.com ) lets visitants read about athleticss and fittingness, hear from Reebok-sponsored jocks, and larn about Reebok ‘s human-rights activities, among other things.Cost salvaging theoretical account:Salvaging from commercial activity on the Web includes cost-efficient nest eggs and productiveness nest eggs. By straight run intoing information demands, a Web site can be extremely cost-efficient. Many companies now use their Web site to back up the ownership stage of the client service life rhythm. Productivity nest eggs arise from decrease in order and processing costs and more efficient stock list direction. Cost nest eggs result through decreased booklet printing and distribution costs and decreases in order-taking as clients use fill-out signifiers to fix their ain orders. As control is efficaciously transferred to the client, client satisfaction might really be increased.Examples of the cost salvaging theoretical account include:* Microsoft ( www.microso ft.com ) provides voluminous support stuff, unrecorded sound broadcasts of Microsoft conferences, merchandise user groups, and free download of the spot and auxiliary plans. * FedEx ( www.fedex.com ) has a Web-based package tracking service. The Web site saves at least 100,000 shipment tracking petitions a twenty-four hours. The nest eggs from cut downing the figure of employees in replying standard client enquiries are enormous.Promotion theoretical account:The publicity theoretical account represents a alone signifier of advertisement that attracts a possible client to a site. The aim is to pull the user to the commercial site behind it. In many instances, Web sites provide free gifts to acquire users ‘ attending. The gifts typically include digitized stuff such as package, exposure, music, and consumer studies.Examples of the publicity theoretical account include:* Auto-By-Tel ( www.autobytel.com ) offers a comprehensive consumer study for all major makers. It attracts consumers to see the site to read the study and compare the monetary value. The Web site produces important gross revenues for local auto traders. * Kodak ( www.kodak.com ) provides proficient aid and tutorials for its digital cameras and offers a library of colourful, high-quality digital images that are downloadable.Info-mediary theoretical accountAn info-mediary may offer users free Internet entree or free hardware in exchange for elaborate information about their surfboarding and buying wonts. This is more likely to win than the pure publicity theoretical account. Datas about consumers and their purchasing wonts are highly valuable. Particularly when that Information is carefully analyzed and used to aim selling runs. Some houses are able to work as info-mediaries by roll uping and selling information to other concerns. The theoretical account can besides work in the other way: supplying consumers with utile information about the Web sites in a market section that compete for their dollar.Examples of the info-mediary theoretical account include:* Audio Review ( www.AudioReview.com ) is a site that allows users to interchange information with each other about the quality of merchandises and services A ± or the Sellerss with whom they have had a good/ bad purchase experience. Other sites take the construct a measure farther by incorporating an intelligent agent into a Web browser.Such agents monitor a user ‘s wonts, thereby increasing the relevancy of its recommendations to the user ‘s demands A ± and the value of the informations to the aggregator. * New York Times ( www.NYTimes.com ) , a content-based site, is free to see but requires users merely to register ( other information may or may non be collected ) . Registration allows inter-session trailing of users ‘ site use forms and thereby generates informations of greater possible value in targeted advertisement runs. This is the most basic signifier of info-mediary theoretical account. [ 6 ]Decision:In the web design and development pattern, the concluding reappraisal as Tell that the good web design pattern and the bad design pattern in the good and bad design pattern the design of the web site as the depends on the manner that the web site was the developed and the which engineerings are used for that development of the web site. In that we eventually concluded that the website good and the bad as depended on which engineering as used for developing of the wed page.Mentions:[ 1 ] .http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Design [ 2 ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //econsultancy.com/reports/web-design-best-practice-guide [ 3 ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //econsultancy.com/reports/web-design-best-practice-guide-figure [ 4 ] .http: //www.smashingmagazine.com/2008/01/31/10-principles-of-effective-web-design/ [ 5 ] .http: //www.watsonhall.com/methodology/top10s.pl. [ 6 ] .http: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet? Filename=/published/emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/0460090101.pd3. Website Development1. Main.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: ruddy } h1 { background-color: white } h2 { background-color: white } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 class= † font3 † & gt ; & lt ; a href= † home.html † & gt ; Home & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † gallery.html † & gt ; Histroy & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † players.html † & gt ; Players & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † photos.html † & gt ; Gallery & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † Contact.html † & gt ; Contact Us & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; a href= † Q & A ; A.html † & gt ; Q & A ; A & lt ; /a & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; img src= † liverpool.jpg † , width=95 % , height=1 % & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;2. Home.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: ruddy } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: transparent } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; img src= † liverpool.jpg † , width=33 % , height=10 % & gt ; & lt ; img src= † 1.jpg † , width=33 % , height=10 % & gt ; & lt ; img src= † 2.jpg † , width=33 % , height=10 % & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; Home & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; h2 & gt ; History of Liverpool F.C & lt ; /h2 & gt ; & lt ; p & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; If it was n't for one adult male, Liverpool Football Club would ne'er hold been born. When Everton left Anfield in a difference over rent in 1892, nine president John Houlding stayed behind along with a smattering of protagonists and merely three first-team participants. But he was determined to see football continue at the land. He formed a new nine from abrasion, chose the name Liverpool†¦ and created a fable. Even John Houlding could n't hold predicted how successful it would go. More than 100 old ages on, no English nine can fit the LiverpoolFC axial rotation of honor ; League Champions 18 times, FA Cup victors seven times, League Cup victors seven times, European Cup victors five times and UEFA Cup victors three times. When it is completed, the History channel will chart the rise and rise of Liverpool FC to the really acme of the England game, from the battles of the early old ages right up to Gerard Houllier ‘s historic soprano in 2001. This channel will remember glorious domestic triumphs and European victory and reflect on the calamities of Heysel and Hillsborough. We ‘ve focused on 10 cardinal day of the months in Liverpool Football Club ‘s history to get down with but over clip, we ‘ll hold over 100 chapters in this subdivision entirely as we present the ultimate history of England ‘s greatest of all time football nine. This is a narrative of unbelievable passion and plume – a narrative that non merely inspires Liverpool fans but football protagonists the universe over. & lt ; /p & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;3. Gallery.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; L.F.C HISTORY & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; ul type= † phonograph record † & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 1892 – Liverpool Football Club formed & lt ; /li & gt ; : The history of Liverpool Football Club begins with our greatest challengers and neighbors, Everton, for it was from a difference with Everton that Liverpool Football Club was born. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 1959 – Shankly appointed director & lt ; /li & gt ; : December 1st 1959 is a day of the month that will everlastingly be etched in the annals of Anfield history. For it was on this twenty-four hours that Liverpool Football Club announced Huddersfield Town foreman Bill Shankly would be their new director in sequence to Phil Taylor. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 1965 – Wining the FA Cup for first clip & lt ; /li & gt ; : There was a feeling of quiet optimism around Anfield that this could, at last, be Liverpool ‘s twelvemonth in the competition we so urgently desired success in. After all, we were the reigning conference title-holders and, under Bill Shankly, anything seemed possible. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 1977 – European Champions & lt ; /li & gt ; : If winning the FA Cup for the first clip in 1965 is regarded as the greatest twenty-four hours in the history of Liverpool Football Club, so there is no uncertainty that winning the European Cup for the first clip in 1977 was the greatest dark. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 2001 – Clinching the cup soprano & lt ; /li & gt ; : Merely four yearss after dramatically snaping the FA Cup from Arsenal ‘s appreciation in Cardiff, and with the Worthington Cup already safely tucked away in the Anfield trophy cabinet, Liverpool ‘s category of 2001 completed an unprecedented cup soprano. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 2005 – Champions League Winners 2005 & lt ; /li & gt ; : On what will travel down every bit THE most unbelievable dark in this nine ‘s celebrated history Liverpool reclaimed their Crown as Kings of Europe after miraculously get the better ofing a 3-0 half-time shortage to get the better of AC Milan at the Ataturk Stadium in Istanbul. & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; 2006 – FA CUP WINNERS 2006 & lt ; /li & gt ; : The 2006 FA Cup Final will be remembered in Anfield folklore as the Gerrard concluding as captain antic Steven Gerrard rescued Liverpool with a arresting last minute equalizer to interrupt West Ham ‘s Black Marias and force extra-time†¦ & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;4. Players.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; TEAM SQUAD & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; h4 & gt ; Liverpool FC Squad – 2008-2009: & lt ; /h4 & gt ; & lt ; ol & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Diego Cavalieri & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Andrea Dossena & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Sami Hyypia & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Daniel Agger & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Robbie Keane & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Steven Gerrard & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Andriy Voronin & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Albert Riera & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Fabio Aurelio & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Xabi Alonso & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Yossi Benayoun & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Jermaine Pennant & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Alvaro Arbeloa & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Dirk Kuyt Louise & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Ryan Babel Victor & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Javier Mascherano & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Lucas Leiva Felix & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Emiliano Insua & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Jamie Carragher & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; David Ngog & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; Pepe Reina & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; BR & gt ; & lt ; BR & gt ; & lt ; h4 & gt ; Liverpool FC Staff & lt ; /h4 & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; table border= † 1 † & gt ; & lt ; tr & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Manager & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Assistant Manager & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Reserve Team Manage & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; First-team Coach & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Fitness Coach & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; /tr & gt ; & lt ; tr & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Rafael Benitez & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Sammy Lee & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Gary Ablett & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Mauricio Pellegrino & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; td & gt ; Paco De Miguel & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; /tr & gt ; & lt ; /table & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;5. Photos.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; Gallery & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; h4 { colour: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; dl & gt ; & lt ; ul & gt ; & lt ; dt & gt ; & lt ; h4 & gt ; GALLERY & lt ; h4 & gt ; & lt ; /dt & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; dd & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; a href= † 22.html † & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; PLAYERS GALLERY & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; BR & gt ; & lt ; BR & gt ; & lt ; /dd & gt ; & lt ; dd & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; a href= † 21.html † & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; L.F.C GALLERY & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /li & gt ; & lt ; /dd & gt ; & lt ; /ul & gt ; & lt ; /dl & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ;6. Contact.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; Contact us & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; CONTACT US BY PHONE: & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; CONTACT US BY EMAIL: & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & A ; nbsp ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;7. Q & A ; A.html& lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; html & gt ; & lt ; caput & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; organic structure { background-color: white } h1 { background-color: ruddy } h2 { background-color: ruddy } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; LIVERPOOL FOOTBALL CLUB & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; centre & gt ; & lt ; h1 & gt ; Q & A ; A & lt ; /h1 & gt ; & lt ; /center & gt ; & lt ; ol & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; Q: History of the L.F.C? & lt ; /h3 & gt ; Answer: – & lt ; a href= † gallery.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; Q: Players list of L.F.C? & lt ; /h3 & gt ; & lt ; /h3 & gt ; Answer: – & lt ; a href= † players.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; li & gt ; & lt ; h3 & gt ; Q: L.F.C contact Details? & lt ; /h3 & gt ; Answer: – & lt ; a href= † contact.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; a href= † main.html † align= † centre † & gt ; Click here to travel chief page & lt ; /a & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ;DESCRIPTION OF WEBSITE:In the developed web site there are seven html files are at that place, each hypertext markup language file as the inter linked with each of the file. The seven hypertext markup language files are main.html, home.html, gallery.html, photos.html, players.html, contact.html, Q & A ; A.html.Main.html:The main.html is the chief page of the web site in this page, this page as the linked with the all pages of the web site, this page as the displayed as the background of the L.F.C exposure. In this page I implemented the CSS.Home.Html:The home.html as the place page of the web site the in this page we the headers and the Para of the texts as the about the L.F.C.And besides in this page displayed the three images as the left foreigner and centralised and right aligned as the used.Gallery.html:The gallery.html as the content of the gallery of the L.F.C. in this page we i implemented the bulleted list for the points.Player.html:In this palyers.html I i mplemented the a numbered list and the besides the implemented the two tabular arraies as used the name of the squad of L.F.C.Photes.html:The photos.html as the usage exposure of the participants and the L.F.C bowl, in this page I implemented the the inter connexion of the pages and the besides the define list as the used in this page.Contact.html:The contact.html as the usage the contact list of the L.F.C, in this one implement the electronic mail Idaho that can be used for the direct contact of the electronic mail.Q & A ; A.html:The Q & A ; A.html as the usage the inquiry reply of the developed web site. In this page I implementeted the ground tackle links as the replies.